Essay on The Plot in J.R.R. Tolkiens The Hobbit - 2059 Words

The Plot in J.R.R. Tolkiens The Hobbit The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien is a captivating tale about unusual creatures, great struggles, a flying dragon, and much, much more. The story comes alive through colorful depictions of characters and details that capture the imagination. The plot of this novel is the dwarves journey to recapture their homeland. The setting, characters, and trials throughout The Hobbit help to fully shape this overall theme of the novel. Throughout The Hobbit the setting is constantly changing from start to finish. There are six different stages through which the setting evolves. The first stage takes place at the home of Bilbo Baggins. Bilbo lives in something called a hobbit hole. These homes†¦show more content†¦Once the Misty Mountains have been tackled, the setting continues on to Beorns house, who Gandalf states, . . . lives in an oak-wood and has a great wooden house . . . Tolkien 115). The area around Beorns home is decorated with beautiful flowers covered byfriendly bees. Horses and cattle are just a few of the animals that walk in his spacious yard. Upon reaching the gate to enter Beorns yard there is gardens and a cluster of wooden buildings. The buildings range from . . . barns, stables, sheds, and a long low wooden house. (Tolkien 117). The last building is Beorns house, which is mainly one wide hall with a veranda on itssouthern side. Then the setting changes coarse once again and heads toward Mirkwood. Notmany people know of Mirkwood, but those who do know that, . . . Mirkwood is dark,dangerous, and difficult. (Tolkien 131). The only way to ensure survival through the forest is to stay on the path. Mirkwood is very dark and gloomy. Almost no light passes through the thickmass of trees that make up the forest. Here, at night all the inhabitants come to life. The main path through Mirkwood is a basic dirt path and is the only place in the woods free of the terrible giant spiders and other frightening inhabitants of the forest. Once out of Mirkwood forest and up a river, there is a town called Esgaroth. This town is located on a body of water called Long Lake. LongShow MoreRelatedCriticisms and Praise for The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug654 Words   |  3 Pages The Desolation of Smaug is the second part of academy award winning Film-maker Peter Jacksons trilogy film adaption of J.R.R Tolkiens timeless classic The Hobbit. The film picks up where The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey left off, with the company being pursued by Orcs on the edge of Mirkwood forest. The wizard Gandalf parts with the company on the edge Mirkwood forest, so that he and Radagast can attempt to defeat the Necromancer, who has been poisoning Mirkwood with black magic. WhileRead MoreEssay on The Cost of Redemption in the Lord of the Rings 1449 Words   |  6 Pagesever present theme of the Lord of the Rings trilogy. The struggle exists in all of Middle-earth, as the followers of Sauron wage war against the realms of free men and their allies, as well as in individual characters. Boromir, a tragic hero of Tolkien’s work has essentially good qualities marred by his corrupt desires for power and the Ring. The character of Gollum has an on-going internal struggle between the part of him that is corrupted by the Ring and his originally innocent self, Smeagol, whoRead MoreThe Lord Of Literature By. R. Tolkien2512 Words   |  11 PagesCaleb Cassidy Honors English Literature 9/14/16 4th hour J.R.R Tolkien, The lord of Literature Poet and author J.R.R. Tolkien is held by many as one of the greats within English literature. He was a master of writing and teaching, and he showed excellence in academia, prose, and poetry. He left an everlasting impact on the world of literature by using his great understanding of language and his talent of creating mythical lands of consistent excellence. Tolkien started his life in tragedyRead MoreEssay about J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings1950 Words   |  8 PagesJ.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings Three Rings for the Eleven-kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone, Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on his Dark throne, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. One Ring to rule them all, One ring to find them, One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie(Tolkien). Master of storytelling J.R.R. Tolkien continues the lives of the fictitiousRead MoreThe Fiction Genre And Will Cover Key Stage 2 And The Hobbit By J.r. R Tolkien3189 Words   |  13 PagesThe texts to be examined in this assignment are all from the Fantasy Fiction Genre and will cover Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 as these are both relevant to those covered within lectures. We will begin with Key Stage 2 and The Hobbit by J.R.R Tolkien looking for examples as to why this would be considered Key Stage Two. The same process will be followed with The Silmarillion by the same author for Key Stage 3. Once the key stages have been confirmed for each piece of literature we can then begin toRead MoreThe Lord of the Rings directed by Peter Jackson Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesdemonstrates the art and business of the film in many ways, which is culturally inspiring. The trilogy is about a hobbit named Frodo Baggins that has to go on a quest to destroy an evil ring known as â€Å"One Ring.† The reason for destroying the ring is because it is consumed with evil, it was formed so that the Dark Lord, Sauron, could put his life force to it. To destroy the ring the hobbits have to bring the ring to the place where the ring was created, The Lord of the Ring trilogy is broken up intoRead MoreGoodness And Nature In Fantasy Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesthe tale â€Å"Cinderella,† and J.R.R. Tolkien’s massive fantasy trilogy The Lord of The Rings features the natural world in a very integral role, especially in the description of the Hobbits. The goodness of Cinderella and the Hobbits are both characterized in their relationships with nature, particularly regarding their strong associations, the reciprocity shown, and the strong allegiances nature has to them. Many parallels are shown between both Cinderella and the Hobbits with nature. Cinderella isRead MoreThe Lady Of The Rings1547 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish CCA The Lady of the Rings Thesis: While some claim that due to the stereotypical roles and lack of female characters in Tolkien’s works makes him sexist, the female characters in The lord of the Rings are far more important and powerful than many make them out to be. The Lord of the Rings is arguably J.R.R. Tolkien’s best and is unquestionably his largest work with mind blowing amounts of details and background texts created to take his world of Middle Earth and make it the definitiveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Hobbit 917 Words   |  4 PagesDirecting Settings According to (Rachel Cusk), new encounters (with others or a setting) are essential – â€Å"leaving things behind and starting again is a way of coping with difficulties.† Definitely, this thought is emphasized throughout J.R.R. Tolkien’s â€Å"The Hobbit† which utilises the protagonist’s (along with his band) adventures during his journey to display that there is always good to come out of a call for adventure. This is evident in the interactions and thoughts of Bilbo Baggins, who experiencesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hobbit 1942 Words   |  8 Pageswill be strongly analyzed through quotes directly from the book The Hobbit and opinions formed while reading. Through the book The Hobbit, J.R.R. Tolkien is able to show how a hero isn’t always the typical buff and boots with a cape on his back kind of person. Tolkien shows the reader that a hero is made by the struggles he conquers and isn’t just a perfect character thrown into the beginning of the story. Generally, The Hobbit takes place in many different places as listed and described below but

Our Worldview Into The Classroom, A Secular And Christian...

In today’s society it is hard to be a teacher; especially, in a secular school. The students in this setting need Christian teachers more than anything. The children today need to have a teacher that has biblical values and understands just how important it is to live by these values. Before stepping foot into a classroom, a teacher really needs to understand that each child’s worldview will make a difference as to how the teacher leads her instruction and how the students processes the instruction that is given to them. We are there to encourage our students to take a good look at them self and really examine what they believe their worldview is. This being said, we really need to understand what a worldview is, why integrating our worldview into the classroom is so important, what it really means when someone talk about integrating, and how a teacher can begin to develop worldview integrative activities in a secular and Christian school environment. I. What is a worldview? A â€Å"worldview is a set of beliefs or truth claims that form a framework for making sense out of life and the world† (MacCullough, Ed.D., 2012, p. 15). Basically, it is how we view the world. We all have our own perception in the way we view the world. Our worldview is what we believe the answers are in our everyday life and what we believe are the answers to everything we do or are involved in. This includes everything from our values, beliefs, and our actions. It also includes how we viewShow MoreRelatedDifferent Philosophies That People Believe1634 Words   |  7 PagesThere are several different worldviews that people believe in. Those might ask what exactly is a worldview? Here is the definition: â€Å"A worldview is the framework of basic beliefs that we hold, whether we realize it or not, that shapes our view of and for the world. Everyone has a worldview. The question is not whether one has a worldview but which one has.† 1 Here is the definition of a biblical worldview rather than just a worldview: â€Å"A biblical worldview is based on the infallible word ofRead MoreThe Educational Philosophy Of A Dynamic Learning Environment3064 Words   |  13 Pagesin large part from my Christian worldview. As the basis for the truth in my life the Bible teaches me how to treat others as well who I will ultimately have to answer to for the students that I will have the pleasure of teaching which is God. To this end, I must provide the very best learning environment for each and every one of my students in the classroom that may be diverse in most cases today. Therefore, my educational philosophy is simple. The learning environment must be dynamic in natureRead MoreBiblical Philosophy Of Education That Is Built Around My Own Personal Philosophy1083 Words   |  5 PagesWatches As Christian educators it our responsibility and our goal are to prepare our students to know and understand God. Our job focuses on applying the methodology guided by the Bible, which helps provide generalization and theoretical guidance for students. This paper will discuss biblical philosophy of education that is built around my own personal philosophy. It will also discuss the purpose and the reason that we are living. It will help students get the knowledge about Worldview PhilosophyRead MoreTheories Of Historical And Social Foundations Of Education2122 Words   |  9 Pageslearning environments and curriculums for students. This paper will also address how to continue to serve God in a secular world without having to ignore the values and rules of leading a Christian life. However, there are people who resist change and who are not religious and this paper will also address how to communicate with the unsaved or nonbelievers and maintain a respectful environment. Worldview and Philosophy of Life The world has become such a secular and negative place, where schools areRead MoreThe Way And The Truth1988 Words   |  8 Pagesbecause it is the way in which we interact with God’s world and His people. The teachings of Dewey, Hirsch, and Aquinas are few philosophical ideas I would incorporate in the classroom by helping students learn through experience, teaching morals as well as academics, and valuing both Christian and secular material. Worldview and Philosophy of Life The world began with the words of God, â€Å"Let there be light† (NIV). It all started there, God created. On the sixth day, along with animals, He createdRead MoreChristian Philosophy Versus Christian Worldview1794 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Human viewpoint differs and leads to diverse worldviews. Several factors contribute to the creation of worldviews; the environment, experiences and most importantly the education that a human is exposed to. The question is often asked if there is such a thing as a right or wrong worldview, since it can consist of subjective opinions on life, love, family and religious philosophies. These worldviews create philosophical questions regarding how society truly functions and different humanRead MorePhilosophy of Christian Education Essay2583 Words   |  11 Pageswill. From the Great Commission to its earliest confessions and catechisms, the church has viewed teaching as an integral part of its life and ministry. It has been noted that there is a distinct difference between a Christian philosophy of education and a philosophy of Christian education. The former being only one of many applicable and credible forms of education and the latter being the only viable form of education. We, as a collective person, were made in the image of God. With this premiseRead More Teaching Origins in 20th Century American Public Schools Essay6390 Words   |  26 PagesTeaching Origins in 20th Century American Public Schools Introduction The debate over the origins of the earth and of life has captivated and divided America since the late 19th Century. Evolutionists and creationists have battled in courtrooms , churches , academia , and public schools over the course of the 20th century and continue fighting, or attempting to make peace over, this culture war today. The debate has changed between the time of the Scopes Trial and the present in severalRead MoreMy Worldview And Religious Belief Influence My Practice2129 Words   |  9 PagesMy worldview and religious belief influence my practice as a leader every day. In my eyes the world is viewed as a workplace that prepares me for transition into eternal life and serves as a reference point for the legacy I will leave. â€Å"A man s heart deviseth his way: but the LORD directeth his steps† (Proverbs 16:9, King James Version). As a leader, it is prayer that God order my steps daily, in which I may be a blessing to others. My vision and goals is for the i ndividuals I am leading toRead MoreWhen You Hear The Word Of Teaching3590 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract When you hear the word â€Å"teaching†. you may think about school and student. Teaching I realized it is not an easy job, however it is a blessing when your students that were struggling are now succeeding it is very rewarding. Teachers have an important role everyday and it is important that teachers should know that they are the guiding to all student’s development, intellectual, social well-begins. We are there to make sure students learn the best way they can, so they can get a better

Why Do Parents Let Their Kids Get Fat Free Essays

http://www. bbc. co. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do Parents Let Their Kids Get Fat? or any similar topic only for you Order Now uk/news/magazine-19661085 Child obesity: Why do parents let their kids get fat? Obesity experts say parents are struggling with a multitude of problems when it comes to their child’s weight. They range from a lack of education about food, limited cooking skills and limited money to buy healthier food to longer working hours and marketing campaigns for junk food aimed at kids. Despite the rise in child obesity, experts say it’s wrong to just blame parents. They definitely have a responsibility, but the issue is much broader than simply blaming them,† says Paul Gately, professor of exercise and obesity at Leeds Metropolitan University. Many parents don’t realise their child is fat when it might be obvious to other people, he says. According to studies, 75% of parents underestimated the size of an overweight child, while 50% underestimated the size of an obese child. People also judge things on what they see around them on a daily basis, Gately says. Tracey admits she let her daughter’s weight creep up because â€Å"she was no bigger than some of her friends†. From a very early age children are very good at using a â€Å"whole set of behaviours† to get what they want, say experts. It’s easy to judge but nearly every parent in the land has caved in to some sort of emotion blackmail from their child, says Gately. It just might not be about food. Charlie Powell, campaigns director of the Children’s Food Campaign – an alliance of 150 education bodies, health groups and children’s charities – says it’s also hard for parents to stand up to the barrage of junk food advertising. A bit about food industry: There are huge hurdles they have to surmount to keep their children healthy. It’s stuff that wasn’t around in years gone by and food manufacturers are very sophisticated in the techniques they use to appeal to children. † A bit about media: A lot of it is because the images of obesity that we see in the media are people who are massive, 30 stone (190kg) or above. This is what a lot of people think of as being overweight, but they are extreme cases. It only takes a few extra pounds to actually be overweight. † A bit about social aspect: (bigger sizes are more tolerated bcause it’s not clear any more where is the limit of being fat; evwerybody around are bigger) â €Å"Two thirds of adults in the UK are now classified as overweight, so our perception of what we consider the average size to be has changed,† says Gately. How to cite Why Do Parents Let Their Kids Get Fat?, Essay examples

Violence Breeds Violence Essay free essay sample

One scenario could be that the child thinks that this is ok and do the same when he is older and the other could be that this emotionally affects him and he becomes violently unstable. Both of these reasons indicate that the violence inflicted by the parents has a significant influence on the child. The other aspect of domestic violence is what takes place in and around the streets. It is not uncommon for neighbours to have a row every once in a while, but unfortunately it can sometimes escalate quite rapidly and conclude with serious injury and expense. Some of the causes of these disputes are fences, trees, noise pollution and lifestyle/environment issues. The neighbourhood arguments are mainly based around issues such as the inability to communicate, verbal abuse, physical abuse, theft and gossip. The main problem with these incidents is the further violence that it can create. With all prejudice being put aside, the majority of domestic disputes take place in suburbs such as Elizabeth and Salisbury and the violence that occurs within these areas have a genuine effect on surrounding places. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence Breeds Violence Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In continuation to this exposition, violence on a national scale is a major problem. The violence in Australia that will be discussed is the brutality and racism towards refugees and boat people who come into this country. For years there have been thousands of refugees who have sought safety and peace in Australia. It has been a controversial topic for a great deal of time and Australians in general are extremely racist towards asylum seekers and foreigners. It has been known that Australia shows a great deal of physical and verbal abuse towards these people. Some incidents that have occurred recently are the stabbings of Indian university students in Melbourne. A string of violent attacks took place towards members of the Indian community and it gave other countries the impression that Australia is hostile towards foreigners. These incidents caused a violent outbreak from other Indian students and a continuation of riots and fights was the outcome. Another form of violence towards refugees was the Woodville protests by the members of this community. An idea was proposed to build housing for refugees alongside the Woodville community and the people who lived there met this with anger and a strong defiance. They threw forward a strong protest saying that they did not want them living there which is an extremely harsh and brutal act towards foreign people. Another relative case of violence towards refugees is the living standards they receive while being kept in the detention centres. Their living conditions are poor and unfair and over the years it has caused protests and hunger strikes and even some cases of suicide within their walls. These violent acts have being initiated by the policies and acts by Australia towards refugees, proving that violence can only cause more violence. For the final part of this discussion the impact of video game violence on a global scale will be assessed. Millions of people across the globe submerge themselves in the field of gaming and many of these games are based partly or entirely on violence. Australia’s laws permit that there cannot be an R18+ video game rating, but there are many people who want there to be one. This mainly concerns games that have realistic violence like Call of Duty and Grand Theft Auto where there violence can be used in real life. The content that is in these video games have being known to influence human behaviour. A recent example of this is the massacre that took place in Norway where one man went on a killing spree and took dozens of lives. When in custody he claimed that he trained himself on the video game Black Ops and that it was because of this game that he killed all those people. This raises the question as to whether Black Ops is too violent to be played or whether the Norwegian man was already deranged. Either way, there is proof that video games can breed violence. Another bad aspect to this topic is exposing young children to these violent video games. By watching and playing violent games from a young age it can influence their behaviour as they grow up and they may think that it is acceptable to be violent because they have been used to the idea for years. Video game violence can have a profound effect of people and can cause them to display violence. In conclusion there are some instances were violence does breed violence on a global, national and local scale. It can be through the interaction of video games as well as through the observation of other people. Violence will always be a prominent part of our society, but it is also very important when used sensibly and with control. Indian student stabbed to death in Melbourne Hindustan Times, Hindustan Times: Latest Breaking News from India, Cricket, Bollywood, World, Business, Videos, 20/9/11, lt;http://www. hindustantimes. com/Indian-student-stabbed-to-death-in-Melbourne/Article1-493267. aspxgt;

Flooding in New Zealand

Orient overseas container line (oocl) Essay Example

Orient overseas container line (oocl) Essay Example Orient overseas container line (oocl) Paper Orient overseas container line (oocl) Paper ORIENT OVERSEAS CONTAINER LINE ( OOCL ) 01.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF OOCL. Container transportation is most popular types of merchandiser transportation over the universe. Due to size, usage, and handiness, it is celebrated and convenient for transporting from one topographic point to another topographic point to all clients from little bargainer to large bargainer. OOCL is the taking container chief line operator in transporting industry holding ain information engineering installations. OOCL is a wholly-owned subordinate company of OOIL ( Orient Overseas International Limited ) group which listed on Hong Kong Stock exchange as a populace limited company. OOCL is one of the universe s largest integrated international container transit, logistics and terminal companies holding planetary trade name images in container transportation ( OOCL, 2010a ) The laminitis of OOCL is CY Tung who dreamed to make Chinese merchandiser fleet in international transportation. In 1947, he succeeded when first ship with all Chinese crew reached in USA and Europe under the name of his company Orient Overseas Line ( OOL ) . Due to the demand of container vas and age of containerisation in transportation, OOL renamed to OOCL in 1962. Today, it has more than 230offices in 58 states around the universe and the present Chairman is CC Tung. OOCL Mission Statementis â€Å"To be the best and most advanced international container conveyance and logistics service supplier ; supplying a Critical Link to universe trade and making value for our clients, employees, stockholders and partners† ( OOCL,2010b ) . The nucleus values of OOCL for people or employee of the company, clients and wants to keep high criterion of services through community duties. OCCL is a renewed container bearer who has own female parent and feeder vas, rail path, containers, dawdlers and terminuss. In December 2008, OOCL awarded â€Å"Best of the Best† ocean career by World Trade Magazine of USA ( Shister, 2008 ) .All vass of OOCL achieved the quality certification of QUALSHIP 21 issued by US Coast Guard. However, recent universe recession covered OOCL besides and it s container traffic fell 17.2 per cent compared with the first half of 2008, while gross fell 37.2 per cent to $ 2.05bn and runing loss for the half of $ 197m, against a $ 216m net income in the first half of 2008 ( Lau and Wright,2009 ) . United Nations Conference on Trade and development- UNCTAD positioned OOCL within the taking container conveyance operators of 20 MLO ( Main Line Operators ) . Year Position Number Of Vessels TEU Capacity ( TEU-Twenty pess Equivalent ) 2008 11 90 364384 2007 09 84 351542 2006 12 71 275057 2005 11 68 236018 2004 11 63 216527 Figure 1 ( Table ) Performance of OOCL in universe container trade 2004-2008 ( UNCTAD,2010 ) The place of the OOCL is universe container industry is fluctuating extremely twelvemonth by twelvemonth. There is no changeless improving that means growing in public presentation index by UNCTAD. However, they are increasing the figure of vas and container capacity ( TEU capacity ) in every twelvemonth. Within 5 old ages they increased the figure of vass approx 50 % and capacity over 68 % . As a entire logistics service supplier, OOCL s international cargo consolidation and logistics service unit, OOCL Logistics, provides its clients with advanced cargo direction services and leading-edge IT solutions. OOCL China Domestic Ltd. offers extended domestic distribution services and supply-chain direction to clients in China, the turning market which OOCL has been functioning for over 50 old ages ( OOIL,2010 ) OOCL is renowned for its pioneering attack to developing intermodal connexions. All agencies of intermodal conveyance are carefully integrated with bole ocean services to offer seamless connexions across continents utilizing feeder services, flatboats, trucks and block trains ( OOCL, 2010c ) 02.STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Peoples have different positions for apprehension, developing and implementing scheme economically and seasonably to derive particular advantages in concern. Before taking any scheme, need to warrant and measure the administrations present state of affairs particularly internal environment of the administration. After that, external environment will assist to put a preliminary program for traveling frontward. This is really of import to measure the state of affairss by marketing mix and political factors besides. In a survey ( Johnson et wholly, 2005 ) of strategic geographic expedition found that, there are three scheme lenses: design, experience and thoughts which are utile to develop a scheme in a administration. Model of Strategic Management ( Johnson et wholly, 2005 ) The above theoretical account indicates that strategic direction indicates the strategic place of a administration depends on the environment and its capablenesss to accommodate besides its outlooks. The pick of scheme may be in concern degree or corporate-level ; it may be internationally for the development of the administration by following the strategic way or methods. Furthermore, need to organize, enable the scheme into action to acquire competitory advantage. The research and development of the scheme based on the some environment analysis such as SWOT, PESTLE, value concatenation, Porter s Five forces manner and etc. By using these administrations can happen the place where it placed and take effectual step to rectify modify for developing the state of affairs. 03.SWOT ANALYSIS FOR OOCL In a survey Stacey ( 2000 ) stated that â€Å"SWOT analysis is the list of an administration s strengths and failings indicated by an analysis of its resources and capablenesss, plus a list of the chances and menaces that an analysis of its environment individualities. Strategic logic evidently requires that the future form of actions to be taken should fit strengths with chances, ward off menaces, and seek to get the better of weaknesses.† ( P-5 ) . In add-on, Strengths ( Koch, 2000 ) can function as a foundation for constructing a competitory advantage, and failings may impede it. By understanding these four facets of its state of affairs, a house can break leverage its strengths, correct its failings, capitalise on aureate chances, and discourage potentially annihilating menaces Container Shipping is the most complicated globalized industry which has to vie with internal rivals like other container operators besides homogeneous concern like dry majority or oiler operators. Furthermore, it has a large competition with air transit. Customer ever wants to cognize the good and bad affairs of the company before stuffing his lading. By SWOT analysis of a company we can easy happen out the negative and positives of an administration. So, SWOT analysis is really of import for developing company profile by rectifying present failings and aware the menaces internally, externally and environmentally. OCCL has immense competition with other operators nationally and internationally and need to pull off little shipper or large client, furthermore, fluctuation of international trade create the environment to calculate its all sight. Furthermore, it is a client focused administration. SWOT analysis will assist to pull the client for better concern besides develops the administration economically and socially. 04.SWOT Analysis A. STRENGTHS OF OOCL OOCL is a subordinate of a planetary group of company OOIL group, Hong Kong. They can take any organisational or fiscal aid from the group even from the authorities. Offering quality services in Asia, Europe, America and Australasia where container service is extremely demanded as speedy ocean transit and easy entree to shipper or consignee premises. Quick and rapid service, theodolite clip is less, easy connexion, planetary service A ; web Pioneer in IT ( Transporting ) .Very strong in information engineering. Vendor services are executing by specialised package â€Å"Operationsmart† , â€Å"Depotsmart† and â€Å"Schedulesmart† . Vendor can easy log on and contract with OOCL from anyplace by utilizing this installations. Any client can cognize his lading place by this nexus. All vass are managing by utilizing information engineering. Has ain bearers ( Mother and feeder vass ) , rail path ( Owned in China and partnership in America A ; Europe ) Global trade name image A ; designation to bargainer, importer and exporter. Trained and skilled employees who s are truly professional A ; devoted in their occupations. Market leader in refrigerated container trade and temperature -controlled environment over ocean, rail and burden line. Strong intermodal web in Asia, Europe and America. â€Å"DGsmart† which cares the unsafe goods client. OOCL provides preparation for all for managing these types of lading B. WEAKNESSES OF OOCL High competition and market fluctuation. Insignificant market growing of the line. No changeless concern growing in the industry. High cargo A ; costs. Peak season surcharge on service paths. Limited allotment of container in assorted paths and state GSA trade in maximal state. No direct trade for maximising net income and mass customization. Imbalance of equipment. Huge rental container. Africa service is non available. C. OPPORTUNITIES OF OOCL OOCL can increase the figure of vass and container as universe demand is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Introduction of Africa and South American services and intermodal connexion at that place. Addition market portion in Asiatic part by direct concern. Introduction of feeder service in south Asia and investing in terminal concern. More investing in port and terminal concern. D. THREATS OF OOCL World recession which may be incurred immense loss which will impact to the portion market and stockholders view to deviate from their place or sell the portion. Due to surcharge or excess payment, client may deviate to other operators. Heavy competition with national and international bearer. Globalization of the industry. May loose domestic s lading. Limited Feeder Vessel allocation from hub port to talk port in Asiatic market 05.BUSINESS Scheme Business scheme is the cardinal constituent of developing the administration as reputed administration of the universe. In add-on, it will assist to set up the operational guidelines by which company can continue measure by measure. This good program may assist to make the mark point for accomplishing the desired end products. It will assist to do program, alteration, control and execution of the undertaking. In a survey Lasserre ( 2007 ) argued that a company concern scheme is a set of cardinal picks which defines its long-run aims, its value proposition to the market, how it intends to construct and prolong a competitory concern system and how it organises itself. He added that a concern scheme will by and large cover the followerss for acquiring the maximal results: Ambition. This will assist to put a long-run aims of the company by which it is possible to make a mark particularly increasing the size of the organisation economically, nationally and internationally. Positioning. It will add the value proposition to client. Branding the merchandise and service, client cleavage, penchant of client picks will put a criterion of the company and good place on the market. Investing. Business scheme will assist to make the environment of investing for traveling really near of the client. Besides create a system that is able to present value to clients competitively. Organization. The profound beliefs of the organisation will add value to the employee and long-run working installations will develop a good construction of human resources direction. From human resources to the production, everyplace will be a procedure and will steer the organisation in a system. The concern scheme of an administration may be different in different location or part. The company concern scheme may be FDI ( Foreign Direct Investment ) , M A ; A ( Merger and acquisition ) , Diversification, CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibility ) or Global Strategy or any corporate schemes that will rule or bespeak how the company will convey competitory advantages to make concern. 06.DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY OF OOCL a ) Diversification Diversification ( Johnson et wholly, 2005 ) is a scheme that takes the administration into both new markets and merchandises or services and be undertaken for a assortment of grounds, value making than others. It may derive the economic systems of range by administrations bing installations besides corporate managerial capablenesss. Keeping the merchandise is the chief challenge of variegation. Alternatively of increasing growing, it sometimes is a load for the administration. The growing of the nucleus concern of the administration may make the fiscal or distribution channel strength to spread out the concern in related or unrelated map. Sometimes directors or employee motivates the proprietors to prosecute in new concern. In add-on, the good trade name value may pull to diversify the merchandise or present new merchandise by which company can give extra client service. Furthermore, offer from authorities to make concern in a new country or merchandise for protecting the national in volvement towards a strong place of the company besides fiscal stableness in a state. In a research of variegation, Reed and Luffman ( 1986 ) argued that basic strategic purposes can merely be decided after calculated concentration on the company s present restriction and hereafter demands which helps to last, growing, usage of resources or accommodating to client so variegation is one option in several option available to the company. They besides added that analysis of market ; material supplies, technological development and production procedure are required before traveling to the determination of variegation. Where the chance is available but hazard to develop, administration may non diversify from their nucleus concern. The appraisal to spread out the concern in assorted ways can assist to take a determination in what manner they will look frontward towards bing or new client but offering the qualitative merchandise or service depends on the client s desire and handiness of channel by which they can advance the merchandise or service. Otherwise, hazard will be i ncreased and nucleus concern may be hampered by the new one. Grant ( 2008 ) argued that variegation scheme or determinations by the company involves for two issues: attractive force of the industry and end product by competitory advantages. The economic sciences of range can be tangibles or intangible resources of the company even organizational capablenesss can besides be transferred within the diversified company. OOCL had competitory advantages by its diversified merchandises like information systems and terminal concern. The group concern expanded concern in related and unrelated industry for acquiring the logistics support for its nucleus concern ocean transportation. He prescribed that variegation motivates the administration for turning, cut downing hazard and doing net income to make incompatibility of stockholder position. OOCL diversified in both homocentric and pudding stone to develop their administration economically besides making trade name value. But they extremely focused on homocentric variegation because transportation is the derived demand and extremely globalized concern where client needs all sort of logistics support. Supplying the logistics support they made strong information systems from the beginning of conveyance to the concluding finish which one is the full version of logistics. The OOIL group diversified in container concern by making the OOCL logistics which helps to add value in their nucleus concern ocean transporting. In add-on, they involved in larboard terminus concern in Kaoshiung ( China ) and Long Beach ( North America ) which form an built-in portion of international containerised conveyance concern ( OOIL,2010a ) . The lading smart is the advanced package of OOCL by which they can maintain relation with their clients in 24 hours. Preliminary it is developed for their ain administrations but now utilizing by most of the logistics company of the universe. It ( CargoSmart,2010 ) is a Software as a Service ( SaaS ) planetary transportation and logistics solutions provider that enables companies to take down transit direction costs, streamline operations, and cut down the hazard of late cargos. For acquiring the house servants cargo, they established OOCL China house servants limited for acquiring the house servants lading which besides add value in their concern. Due to heavy industrialisation in China and holding competition with national and international transportation company, OOCL diversified in their merchandise to make a good selling attack to the local bargainer. Kaoshiung larboard terminus is back uping them by giving logistics Centre installations to the shipper and consignee in China. Furthermore, route and rail transit besides help to pull the client as it is the multimodal installations for transporting the lading at bearer s hazard. Enhance, they structured intermodal service in China, Europe and North America In pudding stone variegation, they established belongings concern in two states ( China and USA ) as OODL which helps to increase the stockholder value and hereafter of the company for any crisis or recovery of their nucleus concern. B ) Vertical Integration in OOCL There is a perpendicular integrating in OOCL variegation as they set a list of merchandise and service in forepart of their clients. The nucleus concern of OOCL is ocean transporting that means selling the vas infinite to the client and supplying the installations of instrument container for caring the lading. Along with this concern they integrated the services by backward and forward integrating. The backward installations are the information installations by which client can log on from any topographic point of the universe. In add-on, Logistics Company like OOCL logistics, intermodal systems besides added in backward integrating. The forward installations are larboard and terminal concern which added value to pull the client for uncluttering the lading easy and economically. C ) Performance and Outcomes. Diversification and public presentation are correlated in their possible activities but depends on the credence of the client. Grant ( 2008 ) believes that variegation has the possible to make value for stockholders where it exploits economic sciences of range and where dealing costs in the market for resources make it inefficient to work these economic sciences of range through market contracts. The transporting market depends on its rhythms from the ship edifice to scrapping and mid times utilizing installations. Furthermore, it s perishable service where customization is really of import to utilize its all rhythms. As a container service chief line operator, it is really hard to run the concern by merely its vas public presentation but besides need linking installations to maintain the client. Diversification in OOCl helps to make logistics merchandises or service like Cargo Smart, Intermodal, Port A ; Terminal and catalyst their nucleus concern ocean transportation. The pudding stone variegation of OOCL in belongings concern helped to last in recession. Due ( Reuters,2010 ) to planetary economic downswing and company immense loss in this downswing, OOIL group has sold $ 2.2 billion in Chinese belongings to raise hard currency and concentrate on its nucleus transportation concern. 07. Critical Analysis The variegation scheme of OOCL is partly failure. Due to economic downswing, group is unable to prolong and sold their unrelated belongings concern OODL. It will be impacted to their nucleus concern because stockholder will non be influenced to maintain their portion. In add-on, they had chance for developing their concern in port terminuss but sold two terminuss out of four. Port terminuss are large entree of a transportation company. However, their present terminus is utilizing by their ain and expansive confederation vass. The best option for container transportation in strategic direction may be in planetary scheme because this is the extremely globalised industry. They can take the scheme for increasing their services in all over the universe. Some companies are really successful in M A ; A similar MAERSK. They merged with Sealand foremost and eventually acquired P A ; O Nedlloyd which 1 is the great and extremely capitalized acquisition in transporting industry. OOCL has great chance to unify with some African or South American container line to diversify their concern in these parts. It will convey more clients. In add-on, their core competency of HR policy indicated that CSR may be the best scheme to develop the concern. The Grand Alliance ( Hapag-lloyd,2009 ) formed in 1998 is the taking incorporate pool in planetary container transportation by the taking chief line operator in container transporting Hapag-Lloyd ( Germany ) , MISC Berhad ( Malaysia ) , NYK ( Japan ) and OOCL ( Hong Kong ) . Joi ntly they are presenting transporting paths and new services twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours to widen the container transportation. 08.CONCLUSION Lasserre ( 2007 ) stated that directors, politicians, journalists and faculty members are normally utilizing the construct of globalisation along with planetary industries, competition, or corporation or schemes to globalise or decease. Container transporting industry is extremely globalised as it is the derived demand of universe trade. Furthermore, it has to contend with same line industry like dry majority or oiler transportation. The concern competition among the chief line container operators is really high. In add-on, universe confederation by some companies that doing groups and get down amalgamate concern is the new dimension to minimise the loss or maximising the net income. Strategic confederation between two or more houses like the expansive confederation of OOCL with other operators brought competitory advantages in concern. OOCL is the household concern administration and featured the nucleus competence of human resources. SWOT analysis of the administration and variegat ion scheme may demo the ways to confront the planetary economic downswing and be more strategic in their concern.

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Proposal - Essay Example They have enabled people who teach, speak or often give presentations make their presentations wherever they are. For example, journalists are able to make their presentations from whatever location they are and present this information to audiences efficiently. People who love to travel are also benefited by the portable tablets because they can keep them entertained throughout their journey. With Internet connection, portable tablets have become extremely useful in the dissemination of information and for communication purposes. Today having a portable tablet is as if someone has a computer on their arms, and with this comes the numerous benefits associated with proper information handling. Different technology providers, such as Samsung, Apple, and Coby have come up with their own models of portable tablets, and this has greatly increased competition in the market (J&R Electronics Inc). This is because every provider wants to make their product the best so that they can get the greater share of the market. This has resulted to new models being developed over time, and this has greatly improved how people manage their information and entertain

Random choose 1 out of 14 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Random choose 1 out of 14 - Assignment Example Charlie took a taxi and started rolling over the city to see the different places he remembers. His thoughts started taunting him as he though of how he had spoiled everything for himself at the city. He claims that he wasn’t realizing any of his actions. It was two years when all this occured, everything was gone and Charlie himself was gone too. Charlie and his daughter Honoria were both happy to see each other after a long period of ten months. Charlie was welcomed at her sisters in laws place where her daughter stayed in the care of Marion. As the discussion between Charlie and lincon started, Charlie explained how he was doing well now and how things are now better than ever. His last years income was bigger than it was when he had money. He told Lincoln of his interest on bringing her sister fro America to keep the house for him. This explains how Charlie is starting to get life over again. Charlie is responsible now on his drinking habit. Earlier on he used to spend most of the time in bars where he wasted a lot of money. He remembered when giving thousand-franc notes to an orchestra and hundred-franc notes given to a door man for calling a taxi. He has changed to drink everyday which leads him to deny Marions cocktail offer. This astonishes Marion but she hopes that Charlie will stick to that character. In this paragraph we see that Charlie has become responsible enough compared to olden days when he used to squander a lot of money. Charlie is showing much love to her daughter that he is determined give her anything she wishes for that day. He offers to take her to vaudeville and later on to the toy store. Her daughter seems to understand the financial situation they were in and considers only going to the vaudeville. Charlie was strict in the past but now he reached for new tolerance because he has to be the mother and father of her daughter. Charlie indulges her daughter in

Write an essay on the book 'The Lost Orchard' by Patrick Deeley and

Write an on the book 'The Lost Orchard' by Patrick Deeley and say why you would recommend it for use in the school classroom - Essay Example The students will be told about the time limit to read the text in the class. At the second stage of this activity, after the given time, the students of Part A in each group, will tell the students of Part B in their own groups, the first half of the story and then the students of Part B will tell the last half of the story to Part A in their own groups. Students will be given fixed time for this part of the activity too. In the end, at the third stage of this activity, the teacher will ask one of the students from each group to tell the story in his/her own words. The group, from which a member will tell the entire story correctly, will win. In this way, the reading of this book could be made interesting and exciting. The teacher will divide the students in groups of 5 or 6. Each group will be assigned the task of reading one particular chapter of the book. There will be a time limit for this reading. After the given time, the teacher will give each group the mingled up cut pieces of the summary of each chapter. Each group will be given the mingled up summary of the chapter, which was assigned to it to read. All the groups will be required to arrange the strips of the summary in sequence to make a complete story. At the end, all the groups will read the summary of the assigned chapter, arranged in sequence, aloud. Under the guidance of their teacher, the students may research on where the goldmines or coalmines have been discovered in the world and how has this discovery affected the inhabitants of the related areas. Students may conduct interviews on the issues of their own school. After interviewing, they may write down the notes mentioning the suggestions for improvement to present them to the administrator of their school. Students can write the character sketches of the main characters of the book i.e. Paul, Magpie, Raymie, etc. It could be guided writing, where the

The Lewis Model

The Lewis Model Describe the Lewis model as a model for structural change. How does the Harris-Todaro model of rural-urban migration differ from the assumptions and the outcomes of the Lewis model? Economic growth refers to the increasing productive capacity of the country, which results in an increase in productive output and national income. There are numerous theories relating to economic growth and impacts as a result growth. Rural to urban migration has played an important role in growth and has resulted in structural change of an economy. Structural change can be defined as change in the sectors of an economy over a time series. Specific to this The Lewis model demonstrates when underdeveloped economies convert their traditional economic sectors in rural areas into a modern, industrialised urban areas (Todaro, Smith; 2009). The Lewis model is one of two approaches that are based on the structural transformation. The model is based on two sectors and the relationship between the supply and transition of labour and its resulting impact upon development. The Harris-Todaro model focuses upon incomes between rural and urban areas and how they vary, it states that income levels are seen as higher in urban areas which influence migration to the area. Principally, the essence of both models link back to the development of urban areas, and the migration process, however, the assumptions of each model varies which impacts upon the results. The Lewis model, also known as the two or dual sector model, was developed by Nobel Laureate W. Arthur Lewis in the 1950s, nevertheless it is still used 60 years on. There are two main aims of the model firstly the transfer of labour, and secondly the impact upon the modern sector through growth of output and employment. One of the two sectors discussed in this model is the traditional agricultural sector in rural areas. The second sector is the industrialised urban area. Labour supply extracted from the traditional agricultural rural area does not affect its output as it is transferred to the modern industrial urban sector. The marginal product of labour is defined as the change in productivity that occurs from a one unit change in labour. The reason as to why output is not affected is due to the marginal productivity of labour being zero due to the overpopulation, which is a key characteristic in the rural area, and thus leading to a surplus of labour. Urban industrialised sector i s characterised by high productivity. The diagram below of the Lewis model illustrates the impact of the transfer of labour on both the traditional and modern sector. I will first discuss the traditional sector diagram (1a and 1b). Diagram 1a demonstrates that as quantity of labour increases total food production increases. This is until a certain point, where it then stabilises and levels off, due to restrictions at this level by labour. Using the total product curve we can then derive the marginal product of labour and the average product of labour. The dashed line passing through both diagrams illustrate the level of labour accessible in the rural economy. Firstly, as discussed previously due to surplus of labour, the diminishing marginal product of labour is zero which is reflected in the diagram. The average product (APLA) of labour is calculated by using the total product of food and dividing it by the labour available, thus giving us the a level of WA food per person. WA represents the real wage income earned in t he agricultural sector. The surplus labour which is transferred to the modern sector can be illustrated by the red arrows in diagram 1b. The next set of diagrams (2a and 2b) focuses on the modern industrial sector. Diagram 2a illustrates the total product of manufacturing curves for three different levels of labour. The total product of manufacturing is a function of capital (KM) and labour (L). The marginal product of labour can be interpreted as demand curves for labour. WA represents average real income in the traditional sector in 1b, whereas WM is the real income in the modern sector. The supply curve in the diagram is completely horizontal, this suggests a perfectly elastic supply, and this would link well with the surplus labour (shown in figure 1b). The demand curve for labour is negatively sloping this is due to declining marginal product influencing. This is highly likely due to the assumption of the modern sector to employ until marginal physical product is equal to real wage (L1 on diagram). The KM curves also represents demand, it rises from KM1 to KM2 and KM3. This is due to the reinvestment assumption t hat the Lewis model makes, increasing capital stock and in the long run economic growth. The process then continues up until a point where the surplus labour is transferred to modern industrialised sector. After the self sustaining growth process has stopped, labour from the rural sector will only be transferred at a higher cost of lost food production. One of the key changes is that the marginal product of labour is no longer zero in the rural sector. The structural shift of the rural economic reliance to the urban industrial sector is complete. An essential idea to consider before discuss the next model is that rural to urban migration has become extremely high, this could affect the probability of employment opportunities and also the impact upon social services of the developing urban area. A model which can explain this relationship between rural urban migration and rising unemployment is the Harris Todaro model. The model states that income is the primary influence the decision making process of migrants, and that they do not consider the difference between expected and actual income they might receive. If the potential income earned in the urban sector is more than expected income in the rural agricultural sector, the higher income would draw the workers to migrate from rural to urban. This would suggest that the only reason for migration is to get higher paid jobs. This process should indeed result in the income difference narrowing due to the interactions of supply and demand. However, the likelihood of this occurrin g is small, due to high unemployment in urban areas many people have to settle for jobs in the low paid informal sector. Skilled labour and labour with a greater level of education are likely to get better jobs for a good pay in the formal sector. However, it is never guaranteed and many could be over skilled for the job they are doing. Time horizons can be an important factor to consider when making rational decisions. If a worker only considers the current time frame it is highly unlikely that he or she would enter employment at a higher wage than in rural areas. However, the probability would increase if the future likelihood of getting a job is considered. The worker may plan that initially pay is low and the job is fairly low skilled, nevertheless, in time skills improve, connections develop and the job is likely to improve and the probability of a higher income also increases. In this model urban incomes would have to be equated in order for migration from rural to urban to be seen as unbeneficial. Expected income considers two factors; wages and unemployment. If wages in urban areas are higher than rural, the unemployment rate would have to be in accordance to the percentage difference in income. However, there are seen to be more benefits than income in the urban areas, therefore even though unemployment rate may be chronically high people still do attempt to migrate for better quality of life. The diagram above includes two main sectors; agriculture in the rural area and manufacturing in the urban area. The line AA represents labour demand for the agricultural sector and MM for the manufacturing sector. Total labour force is on the horizontal axis from OA to OM. The equilibrium wage is thus at the point where the AA and MM curves cross, E on the diagram. However, if wages in the manufacturing industry is set higher than agriculture at a level WM, the difference from the equilibrium (E) wage rate for agriculture (WA*) is high. When considering the impact of this upon labour it would mean less labour would be able to find jobs in the urban area. From LM to OM to be exact, on the diagram highlights urban area employment, thus leaving OA to LM as rural labour or even unemployment at wage WA**. Nevertheless, many people still chance for employment at a higher wage and migrate to urban areas. The line qq shows the line of indifference between rural and urban sectors for jobs. Th is is calculated by using a formula which shows probability of the likelihood of finding a job in the urban area and the rate at which it is able to equate agricultural income with potential income earned in urban areas (Todaro, Smith; 2009). This results in the equilibrium shifting to point F on the diagram, this lowers the wage from WM bar to WA. However, the labour gap is not reduced, OA to LM is still employment in rural areas or unemployment; as urban labour is LM OM. Thus illustrating the reason as to why unemployment in urban area occurs, people risk migrating in order to achieve a higher wage. However, the probability of finding a well paid job in the formal sector is very low. Describe both models in detail, with graphs Compare and contrast the assumptions and how they shape the outcomes.

Biography of Michelangelo Essay example -- Michelangelo Artists Painte

Biography of Michelangelo The second of five brothers, Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, at Caprese, in Tuscany, to Ludovico di Leonardo di Buonarotto Simoni and Francesca Neri. The same day, his father noted down: "Today March 6, 1475, a child of the male sex has been born to me and I have named him Michelangelo. He was born on Monday between 4 and 5 in the morning, at Caprese, where I am the Podestà  ." Although born in the small village of Caprese, Michelangelo always considered himself a "son of Florence," as did his father, "a Citizen of Florence." His Childhood and Youth Buonarroti's mother, Francesca Neri, was too sick and frail to nurse Michelangelo, so he was placed with a wet nurse, in a family of stone cutters, where he, "sucked in the craft of hammer and chisel with my foster mother's milk. When I told my father that I wish to be an artist, he flew into a rage, 'artists are laborers, no better than shoemakers." Buonarroti's mother died young, when the child was only six years old. But even before then, Michelangelo's childhood had been grim and lacking in affection, and he was always to retain a taciturn disposition. Touchy and quick to respond with fierce words, he tended to keep to himself, out of shyness according to some but also, according to others, a lack of trust in his fellows. His father soon recognized the boy's intelligence and "anxious for him to learn his letters, sent him to the school of a master, Francesco Galeota from Urbino, who in that time taught grammar." While he studied the principles of Latin, Michelangelo made friends with a student, Francesco Granacci six years older than him, who was learning the art of painting in Ghirlandaio's studio and who encouraged Michelangelo to follow his own artistic vocation. Early Life in Florence. Michelangelo's father, now a minor Florentine official with connections to the ruling Medici family, placed his 13-year-old son in the workshop of the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. After about one year, Michelangelo went on to study at the sculpture school in the Medici gardens and shortly thereafter was invited into the household of Lorenzo de' Medici *http://www.thais.it/scultura/sch00073.htm*, the Magnificent. There he had an opportunity to converse with the younger Medici, two of whom later became popes (Leo X and Clement VII). He also became acquainted with such humanis... ...e." Michelangelo's Achievements During his long lifetime, Michelangelo was an intimate of princes and popes, from Lorenzo de' Medici to Leo X, Clement VIII, and Pius III (1439-1503), as well as cardinals, painters, and poets. Neither easy to get along with nor easy to understand, he expressed his view of himself and the world even more directly in his poetry *http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mazzoni/exhibit/treasures/B56.html* than in the other arts. Much of his verse deals with art and the hardships he underwent, or with Neoplatonic philosophy and personal relationships. The great Renaissance poet Ludovico Ariosto wrote succinctly of this famous artist: "Michelangelo was widely awarded the epithet 'divine' because of his extraordinary accomplishments". Two generations of Italian painters and sculptors were impressed by his treatment of the human figure: Raphael, Annabale Carracci, Pontormo, Rosso Fiorention, Sebastiano del Piombo, and Titian. His dome for St. Peter's became the symbol of authority, as well as the m odel, for domes all over the Western world; the majority of state capitol buildings in the U.S., as well as the Capitol in Washington, D.C., are derived from it.

Birthday party by Katharine Brush

They were a couple in their late thirties, and they looked unmistakably married. They sat on the banquette opposite us in a little narrow restaurant, having dinner. The man had a round, self-satisfied face, with glasses on it; the woman was fadingly pretty, in a big hat. There was nothing conspicuous about them, nothing particularly noticeable, until the end of their meal, when it suddenly became obvious that this was an occasion—in fact, the husband’s birthday. And the wife had planned a little surprise for him.It arrived, in the form of a small but glossy birthday cake, with one pink candle burning in the center. The headwaiter brought it in and placed it before the husband, and meanwhile the violin-and-piano orchestra played â€Å"Happy Birthday to You† and the wife beamed with shy pride over her little surprise, and such few people as there were in the restaurant tried to help out with a pattering of applause. It became clear at once that help was needed, bec ause the husband was not pleased. Instead he was hotly embarrassed, and indignant at his wife for embarrassing him.You looked at him and you saw this and you thought, â€Å"Oh, now don’t be like that! † But he was like that, and as soon as the little cake had been deposited on the table, and the orchestra had finished the birthday piece, and the general attention had shifted from the man and the woman, I saw him say something to her under his breath—some punishing thing, quick and curt and unkind. I couldn’t bear to look at the woman then, so I stared at my plate and waited for quite a long time. Not long enough, though. She was still crying when I finally glanced over there again.Crying quietly and heartbrokenly and hopelessly, all to herself, under the gay big brim of her best hat. Purpose of the story is that Appreciation is the best reward of the hard work in close relations. In story the woman wants to surprise his husband on his birthday, for that p urpose she arranged cake for him and also she dressed a big hat which shows her happiness on that occasion. But at last the husband shows a rude behave. Literary devices used by Narrator: Devices used by narrator to show efforts did by wife to surprise. 1. Glossy birthday cake 2. One pink candle3. Served by headwaiter 4. Music of violin-and-piano The women walk with a huge hat to show excitement on her husband’s birthday. Hot behave of husband to show that he is now happy with his wife excitement. Opposite to narrator ( not included in answer) . The women walks in with a huge hat [looking for attention] and grabs a seat. The man is want a simple birthday party with dinner only. The waiters come out with a huge PINK cake. It sounds like the women is doing much for her husband, and is excited. He says something short yet hurtful and she bursts out in tears.Attention here once again. It was a pink cake and the man wasn't looking for to much attention, and narrator seems to direc t all the attention on the cake purchased by wife. Therefore when reading it, you may think at first, how rude of the man. But analysis shows that hey, it wasn't really all his fault, the women was trying to make a scene. But we can't see this because of the narrator is watching from a far and doesn't show the thoughts and emotions. Reference: 1. www. sccollege. edu/projects/433/Birthday%20Party%20K. %20Brush. doc

9 Sample Excellent Recommendation Letters for Your Job

9 Sample Excellent Recommendation Letters for Your Job SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Anyone who’s applied for a job knows how important recommendation letters can be to getting hired. While you've probably asked for a reference letter in the past, you may be less familiar with writing one. If someone asks you for a reference, how can you produce a greatletter that will help your employee, colleague, or friend get hired? To help you through the writing process, we’re providing nine samples of effective letters of recommendation (scroll down to skip to the samples!). By reading through these examples, you’ll gain a clear understanding of how to structure your own letters. Before getting to the free recommendation letter samples, let’s briefly review the role that referenceletters play in the hiring process. Why are they important, and what makes some stand out over others? Why Are Recommendation Letters Important? Many employers request recommendation letters to help them decide who to hire or internally promote. Throughout the hiring process, the applicant strives to present herself in the best light. Beyond the interview and resume, hiring managers look to recommendation letters to confirm the candidate’s qualifications and to gain insight from an outside party. The hiring manager wants to know what experiences the candidate will bring to the new role, how she’ll contribute to the company or organization, and how she’ll behave in the day-to-day. Recommendation letters can point to a candidate’s future performance by talking about her past achievements. Reference letters can also shed light on what it’s like to manage, work with, or, in the case of a character reference, be friends with the person under consideration. Theycomplement the candidate’s story and suggest what she’ll bring to the table in her next job. If you get asked to write a letter for someone, it’s safe to assume you want to do a good job. Helping someone get hired is not just a satisfying good deed, but it’s also good professional karma! So how can you turn those good intentions into a stand-out employee letter of recommendation? Each letter will, of course, be different, but good letters share certain key features. Read on to learn about three important characteristics of strong reference letters. Your recommendation letter's not the time to be cagey about your identity! The hiring manager wants to know who you are and why you're qualified to recommend the applicant. What Makes a Recommendation Letter Stand Out? 3Key Features Strong letters give positive descriptions of a candidate’s skills in a concise and powerful way. Beyond using language that's clear and error-free, what elements should your recommendation letter include to be effective? As you write your letter, make sure it does the following: #1: Explains Why You’re Qualified to Recommend the Candidate In order to hold weight, a recommendation letter should come from a reputable source. If an employer wants a professional reference, then the writer of that letter probably worked with the candidate in a supervisory capacity. Some employers will also be interested in letters from a colleague or, occasionally, a friend, neighbor, or family member. Most letters, though, will be written by a supervisor, manager, or boss of some sort. In the first paragraph, you should explain who you are and how you know the candidate. How long did you work with her and in what capacity? By explaining your relationship, you show that you’re qualified to give an honest assessment. If someone who feels like a relative stranger asks you to write a letter, you might consider declining or recommending someone else to write it. If you didn’t get to know the candidate’s work performance or only did so in a way completely unrelated to the new position, then you might not be able to provide a helpful letter of recommendation from employer to employee. The best letters are written by people who can speak to the candidate’s skills and accomplishments. Make sure to state clearly in the beginning of your letter who you are and why your opinion matters. #2: Customized to the New Position While you should speak to the candidate’s accomplishments in her past role, you should also show why she’d make a good fit in the next one. Even if the candidate’s making a career change, you can explain why she’ll be able to do well in the new industry. Here’s where open communication with the applicant is important. She should share the job description so you have a clear understanding of the position’s requirements. As the writer, you’re not expected to do much research on the new job. The candidate should provide you with everything you need to know to customize your letter. By drawing on this information, you can express confidence that the candidate will succeed in the new role. Then when the hiring manager reads your letter, she’ll feel reassured that the candidate would make a good fit. #3: Uses Specific Examples and Anecdotes Finally, and perhaps most importantly, your letter should provide specific examples about the candidate. Don’t just list adjectives like, â€Å"friendly, intelligent, and hard-working†; instead, present circumstances in which the candidate demonstrated those qualities. To borrow a favorite phrase of English teachers, â€Å"show, don’t just tell.† Not only will examples point to the value the candidate brought to your organization or company, but they’ll also paint a picture of how she works in day-to-day operations. Using two to three specific anecdotes in your letter will boost its level of persuasiveness. It will also sidestep a common rec letter trap: becoming a generic list of cliches. Just as you should only write a recommendation letter if you feel qualified to assess the candidate, you should also only write it if you can provide a great one. While you don’t want to go over the top and sound insincere, your letter should be a strongly positive endorsement. Want to provide a strong recommendation for your employee, but don't have the time to craft the perfect letter? PrepScholar's new recommendation tool, SimpleRec, takes you from good intentions and a blank page to a fully written and formatted letter of recommendation in under 5 minutes. All you need to do is give us some simple pieces of information about your employee and your experience working with them, and we'll do the rest. Try out SimpleRec risk-free today: Sample Recommendation Letters As you read through the nine free job recommendation letters below, notice how they all share the three key features described above, even though they differ in terms of their source and target audience. Below are nine sample recommendation letters, each followed by an analysis of what it does well! Sample Recommendation Letter 1: Written by a Direct Manager for a Full-Time Employee Sample Recommendation Letter 2: Written by a Principal for a Teacher Sample Recommendation Letter 3: Written by a Direct Manager for a Part-Time Employee Sample Recommendation Letter 4: Written by a Manager for a RemoteWorker Sample Recommendation Letter 5: Written by aSupervisor for an Internal Promotion Sample Recommendation Letter 6: Written by aSupervisor for a Student Intern Sample Recommendation Letter 7: Written by a Coworker Sample Recommendation Letter 8: Written by a Professor for a Former Student Sample Recommendation Letter 9: Written by a Friend as a Character Reference After checking out the above samples of recommendation letters, read on for some final thoughts onhow to write an excellent letter of recommendation for an employee, coworker, or friend. Now that you've got all the building blocks, you can put them together into a powerful letter of recommendation! Writing Strong Letters of Recommendation: Final Thoughts While the above samples of recommendation letters will help guide you through the letter writing process, they can’t look exactly like your final product. Writing a letter is a significant undertaking, as it requires you to customize your words to the candidate and make your letter unique. Even though the specifics will vary, strong letters of recommendation do have certain features in common.Each letter should... Use an Official Format The sample letters show the proper format for a recommendation letter. They have the employer’s name, position, company, and company’s address at the top. To give one example, here's the header for recommendation letter sample #1: Ms. Greta JohanssenSales ManagerStreambase Corp.66 Western BoulevardSanta Fe, New Mexico 87500 You should also use official letterhead that has your name and contact information across the top, in whatever way you've chosen to present it. Each letter is addressed to a specific person, a greeting that’s more personal than, â€Å"Dear Hiring Manager.† Typically, paragraphs are single-spaced with a double space in between each one. Finally, every letter concludes with an invitation to contact the writer for any further information. Then the writer may include her position, company, phone number, and email below her name. Start with a Strong Opener The strongest letters start out with an immediate statement of support. They might say, â€Å"It’s my honor,† â€Å"It’s my pleasure,† or â€Å"I’m very pleased to provide this letter of recommendation for Joe.† Stating the obvious with a sentence like, â€Å"I’m writing to recommend Joe,† looks weak beside a more enthusiastic opener. In the first paragraph, explain who you are and why you’re qualified to recommend the candidate. Write a line or two of praise about her professional and personal strengths, perhaps with a summary of the main points you’ll present in the rest of the letter. Include Two to Three Specific Examples As mentioned above, strong letters typically include two to three body paragraphs with specific anecdotes about the candidate. They don’t just describe the applicant’s great qualities and accomplishments; they give examples and prove to her prospective employer that she’s made achievements in the past that predict future success. You might talk about a project or responsibility of the applicant or the value she’s brought to your company. Consider relevant qualities like flexibility, initiative, leadership, growth, collaboration, interpersonal skills, and/or ability to perform within a certain environment or culture. To Sum Up... Depending on your relationship with the candidate, you might focus more on her work performance or personal character in your recommendation letter. An employer will focus more heavily on professional skills while a coworker may add personal qualities. A friend or neighbor providing a character reference would produce the most personal letter. It falls upon the candidate to choose her recommenders wisely and to share any relevant information about the prospective position to help them write the best letter they can. As long as you incorporate the key features discussed above and take the time to make your letter positive and specific, you’ll provide a strong recommendation letter that will help your employee, colleague, or friend get hired. And who knows - perhaps in a year or two, she’ll be writing a recommendation letter for you! What's Next? Are you tasked with writing a recommendation letter for a student applying to college? If so, check out these samples of recommendation letters from teachers and counselors, along with additional writing tips and a thorough recommendation letter template! 4 Amazing Samples of Recommendation Letters from Teachers Should You Move to a State with No Income Taxes 3 Examples of Excellent Recommendation Letters from Counselors Complete Guide: Writing a Strong Letter of Recommendation Unsecured Credit Cards for Those with Bad Credit A Great College Recommendation Letter Template Want to provide a strong recommendation for your employee, but don't have the time to craft the perfect letter? PrepScholar's new recommendation tool, SimpleRec, takes you from good intentions and a blank page to a fully written and formatted letter of recommendation in under 5 minutes. All you need to do is give us some simple pieces of information about your employee and your experience working with them, and we'll do the rest. Try out SimpleRec risk-free today:

Evolution of the Internet essays

Evolution of the Internet essays In 1957, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, President Dwight D. Eisenhower introduced the Advanced Research Projects Agency, or ARPA. Soon after, Dr. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT wrote the first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking.1 This idea of networking was tossed around at MIT, UCLA, and at the RAND Corporation, which eventually led to ARPANET. Thanks to Lickliders expertise, he soon integrated ARPA from military use to private universities. From the early days back in the 60s, till the present, the Internet as we know it has been ever changing, ever since. Initially, the internet had only 4 nodes, or hosts. As of January 2002, there were 147, 344, 723 hosts.2 In 1991, Father of the Internet, Timothy Berners Lee, and other researchers at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics made it possible to connect content throughout these networks using hypertext links. Prior to the Web, local dial-up networks could be accessed for free which were known as bulletin boards, or in computer lingo, BBS. Area residents could now engage in chat, play games, post messages, and view very basic web pages with other local residents. Bulletin Boards are often mistaken as the Internet. Bulletin Boards were simply an early form of using a computers modem to dial-up other local bulletin boards. Much like the constant changing Internet, bulletin boards soon became forgotten history. From the early to mid nineties, the Internet has literally soared. In just June of 1993 there were merely 130 web sites; by 1994, there were 3,000. Presently, there are millions of web sites on the Internet. These web sites are categorized into domains based on the nature of their content. .com, .net, .edu, .mil, .org, and .int are the three level domains that are currently in use. We may soon se ...

Communication in the Organization Formal Proposal Research Paper

Communication in the Organization Formal Proposal - Research Paper Example The present report is structured to propose a communication structure for an organization. The objective of this report is to plan a successful communication strategy using the theories and concepts of organizational structure and communication. For this, five communication concepts are taken for study and analysis. These concepts have been chosen after proper research in the field of effective organizational communication. The importance of these concepts with respect to organizational communication will be explained. The report will also propose pre-defined and tested strategies in order to increase the effectiveness of the following five concepts. LISTENING SKILLS Listening is one of the basic functions of human beings. Individuals do not receive any formal training for listening but experience from surroundings. In terms of organizational communication, active listening can be described as a communication technique in which the listener has to provide feedback of the information they have heard, in their own words. This can be done either by paraphrasing or re-stating the words of the speaker. The objective behind this is to confirm that both parties have been equally involved in the communication and the message sent is organized. Active listening is an important concept in organizational communication. The various ways through which active listening skills can be helpful are as follows; 1. Information Gain- active listening helps in gaining information essential for the success of a business. For example, active listening in an interview will help in identifying important insights about the application, such as attitude, confidence, performance not mentioned in resume etc. Active listening with team members help in gaining insights about the weaknesses and strengths of the co-worker, which can be further utilized for better cooperation and team building. 2. Trust Development- active listening is important for building trust and confidence among employees. Active listening between team member and leaders will help the leader in understanding the real issues faced by the team member as well as increase confidence and trust in the co-worker. 3. Reputation- listening skills can have huge impact on the success of a business. If the employers fail to listen to their customers and their issues. The organization can suffer from loss of brand image and loyal customers. 4. Employee Motivation- a leader or a manager in an organization can improve productivity and morale by understanding the motivating factors in employees. This is possible only when leaders have sufficient active interaction with the co-workers as well as team members (Bull and Brown, 2012). Thus, it is known that active listening is one of the key strength for effective organizational communication. Active listening skills can be achieved through the following steps; Positive attitude towards active listening technique Making good eye contact Remain open to new information an d ideas Taking noted of important points Rephrasing and summarizing the speaker’s ideas. Avoiding all kinds of distractions. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Organizational culture is a broad field of study which focuses on the behaviors and values of an organization as well as people working there, in order to establish a

Sculpturing the Earth's Surface. The Florida Everglades Essay

Sculpturing the Earth's Surface. The Florida Everglades - Essay Example Everglades or, a ‘river of grass’, as it was dubbed by Marjory Stoneman Douglas, is a vast expanse of freshwater marshes which extends from Lake Okeechobee South to the tip of Florida. However, continuous exploitation over the decades by the populace has polluted the everglades water and devastated the marshland. Since the 1950’s the urban development and agricultural production in the region flourished but at the cost of the everglades. Big scale attempts are being made to restore the region; the step being an example of the progress from exploitation of the natural resources, to a period of preservation, where the value of these extinguishing reserves were realized and most currently to efforts aimed at revival of the ecosystem (Dugger, n.d). Historically, the Everglades covered 4000 sq. miles in Florida but today it has been reduced to half its size. The marshlands form a section of a huge drainage basin, Lake Okeechobee which covers an area of 11,000 sq miles approximately. There are various forms of habitat that exist on the marshland- open water sloughs, cypress swamps, hard wood hammocks, mangrove swamps and pinelands. Moreover, the plants and animals species found in this region are unique and specialized to the region. However, the scenario started changing in the late 1980’s with the beginning of developments like creation of agricultural farms for growing sugarcane and vegetables, building up of new canals and levees for protecting the farms and the cities from floods, and increase in the infrastructure in the east of the everglades. ... One of the biggest groups of sugarcane growers, the big sugar, is highly responsible for destroying the Everglades. Farmers of these agricultural farms use high content phosphorus fertilizers in excessive quantities, to improve the quality of their soil. The runoff water from these sugarcane farms carrying the killer phosphorus gets drained into the Everglades through canal-water discharge from Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades agricultural area. It was revealed that this overdose of nutrient resulted in the overgrowth of unwanted plant and algae species or eutrophication, which in turn caused great harm to the original vegetation of Everglades. Not only fertilizers but sewage and human wastes from these fields are being dumped into the marshlands thus polluting the water, making it unhygienic to drink, and the survival of flora and fauna impossible. The entire ecosystem of Florida is in peril because of the pollution (Orem, 2009). Moreover, U.S. factory farms too have contributed t o the contamination of the Everglades. During rainy season or snow melting season, the runoff water from these farms, which grow animal feed crops, carry the top soil particles into the marshland. The 1.4 billion tones of animal manures generated on these farms are also let off through the canals into the marshlands, thus polluting the water. New regulations meant to improve the situation through proper treatment of the manure produced, cannot take effect before another 10 years. According to Environment Protection Agency (EPA), these chemicals are making the water unhygienic to drink which once used to serve as a fresh water source for the Miami Metropolitan area. People living in the surrounding areas

How can motivation affected by appraisal system Thesis Proposal

How can motivation affected by appraisal system - Thesis Proposal Example Some of the main benefits that are usually associated with increasing employee motivation include improved organizational development, employee commitment, resource integration, and improvement in business processes. When employees feel valued by their companies and their motivation level is on a high end, they show more commitment and dedication to their job activities, which consequently improves their individual and organizational performances. As far as performance appraisal is concerned, companies have been using it has a way to know employees’ performances in order to bring required improvements in their performances. Appraisal is a continuous process of identifying, measuring, and developing the performance of employees in order to align those performances with the strategic goals of the organization. Without an effective appraisal system in practice, it becomes difficult to know whether there is a need to enhance personal development or to build a sense of value employees. This is the reason why managers make use of the most suitable appraisal methods to assess and evaluate performances. This study will be about the way performance appraisals can be used to improve employees’ motivation level. The primary objective of the research will be to know whether motivation is affected by performance appraisals or not. The research will be new in a sense that it will focus the effects of performance appraisals in multinational organizations of the United Kingdom. Not much research has been done on this in the past which provides a base for the researcher to explore the effects of appraisals on the working and motivation of employees. The researcher aims to know how and in which ways appraisals can be used to improve employees’ performances. This research will be very helpful in that it will provide a good amount of knowledge in this field of research. This research will also be focused on knowing the methods of

Happiness Paradox Essay Example for Free

Happiness Paradox Essay This chapter, titled Feeling Free, is all about freedom and humans need to feel it. Ziyad Marar begins the chapter comparing happiness to freedom, saying how â€Å"[freedoms] current expression has a relatively recent and local† (Marar 39), which is similar to his view on happiness. Marar goes on saying how people have been striving for freedom, but claims more freedom brings bad consequences. People are blinded by mass media, the consumer society, management gurus, therapists and Hollywood who all relentlessly preach about freedom and self-expression. He ends the first section by stating that people need to â€Å"celebrate freedom without denying its corrosive qualities; even to admire those very qualities† (Marar 43). Since freedom is a something humans naturally strive for, and the main driving force in modern civilization, it has a strong impact on most things that humans do (Marar). The next two sections talk about how humans find freedom in the wild and in self-creation. Society is a form of conformity, which â€Å"loses you time and blurs the impression of your character† (Marar 46) and it is human nature to not be held down by conformity. This creates a need to be in the wild, away from everything society has to offer, an escape. Marar connects this to the idea of becoming lost in one’s imagination, or the lack of it. As children we are consumed by our world of imagination, using our creativity and self-expression in its purest form, something lost in adults. Children are free to do and say as they please, they are not tied down by the conformity that adults are. This lack of freedom and expression in adults can be compared to a restriction of our humanly instincts, since it is human nature that we find the need to be free (Marar). Marar goes on to relate freedom to sex, death, and the ‘search for strange’. â€Å"Perversion, obsessions, the apparent mutability of the most mundane objects into the stuff of erotic fantasy, all remind us that the realm of eroticism is dominated by the need to walk on the wild side. † (Marar 53). Sex is something that, like freedom, is something humans instantly strive for, and like freedom is restricted through civilization trying to make us conform to the social norm. Humans seek freedom in sex, it is a time when our inner most instincts come out. This freedom comes in two forms, the freedom to and the freedom from. We all have the freedom to discover, create, and fantasize, but only some are free from structures, schemes, codes, and above all other people. Freedom of people opposes the claim that humans need to feel justified, since justification is all about other people. The section ends by stating how death is the ultimate form of death, and agrees with Freud and his though of the death instincts and how all human life is striving towards death, for it is the final escape to freedom (Marar). The last section of the chapter is about the freedom from language, or the perspective of others. He uses the holidays as an example, the way we remember them though pictures and stories. Through retelling we move away from the personal aspect the memory has, it seems â€Å"to create a concept to flee from language† (Marar 57). To pursue this freedom, to the point when you are uninterpretable to others, is when people start to see you as crazy or insane. This is where the paradox lies, for we seek freedom and justification but to be free is to stop caring for the justification of others. On the other hand with justification of others you are giving up your freedoms (Marar).

Overview of Health Behaviour Theories

Overview of Health Behaviour Theories APPENDIX HEALTH BEHAVIOUR THEORIES The biomedical perspective The biomedical perspective incorporates the biomedical theory in which patients are assumed to be passive recipients of doctors instructions. Behavioural (learning) perspective This perspective incorporates behavioural learning theory (BLT) which is focused on the environment and the teaching of skills to manage adherence. Communication perspective Communication is said to be the cornerstone of every patient-practitioner relationship [p. 56]. This perspective suggests that improved provider-client communication will enhance adherence and implies that this can be achieved through patient education and good health care worker communication skills an approach based on the notion that communication needs to be clear and comprehensible to be effective. It also places emphasis on the timing of treatment, instruction and comprehension. Cognitive perspective The cognitive perspective includes theories such as the health belief model (HBM), social-cognitive theory (SCT), the theories of reasoned action (TRA) and planned behaviour (TPB) and the protection motivation theory (PMT). These theories focus on cognitive variables as part of behaviour change, and share the assumption that attitudes and beliefs, as well as expectations of future events and outcomes, are major determinants of health related behaviour. In the face of various alternatives, these theories propose, individuals will choose the action that will lead most likely to positive outcomes. Health Belief Model The HBM views health behaviour change as based on a rational appraisal of the balance between the barriers to and benefits of action. According to this model, the perceived seriousness of, and susceptibility to, a disease influence individuals perceived threat of disease. Similarly, perceived benefits and perceived barriers influence perceptions of the effectiveness of health behaviour. In turn, demographic and socio-psychological variables influence both perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness, and the perceived benefits and perceived barriers to action. Perceived threat is influenced by cues to action, which can be internal (e.g. symptom perception) or external (e.g. health communication). The protection-motivation theory According to this theory, behaviour change may be achieved by appealing to an individuals fears. Three components of fear arousal are postulated: the magnitude of harm of a depicted event; the probability of that events occurrence; and the efficacy of the protective response. These, it is contended, combine multiplicatively to determine the intensity of protection motivation, resulting in activity occurring as a result of a desire to protect oneself from danger. This is the only theory within the broader cognitive perspective that explicitly uses the costs and benefits of existing and recommended behaviour to predict the likelihood of change. Social-cognitive theory This theory evolved from social learning theory and may be the most comprehensive theory of behaviour change developed thus far. It posits a multifaceted causal structure in the regulation of human motivation, action and well-being and offers both predictors of adherence and guidelines for its promotion. The basic organising principle of behaviour change proposed by this theory is reciprocal determinism in which there is a continuous, dynamic interaction between the individual, the environment and behaviour. Theory of planned behaviour and the theory of reasoned action (TRA) The first work in this area was on the TRA. The TRA assumes that most socially relevant behaviours are under volitional control, and that a persons intention to perform a particular behaviour is both the immediate determinant and the single best predictor of that behaviour]. An intention to perform a behaviour is influenced by attitudes towards the action, including the individuals positive or negative beliefs and evaluations of the outcome of the behaviour. It is also influenced by subjective norms, including the perceived expectations of important others (e.g. family or work colleagues) with regard to a persons behaviour; and the motivation for a person to comply with others wishes. Behavioural intention, it is contended, then results in action. Information-motivation-behavioural skills (IMB) theory This theory was developed to promote contraceptive use and prevent HIV transmission. IMB was constructed to be conceptually based, generalisable and simple. It has since been tailored specifically to designing interventions to promote adherence to ART. Self-regulation perspectives Self-regulatory theory is the main theory in this domain. Developed to conceptualise the adherence process in a way that re-focuses on the patient, the theory proposes that it is necessary to examine individuals subjective experience of health threats to understand the way in which they adapt to these threats. According to this theory, individuals form cognitive representations of health threats (and related emotional responses) that combine new information with past experiences. Stage perspectives The transtheoretical model (TTM) This theory is most prominent among the stage perspectives. It hypothesizes a number of qualitatively different, discrete stages and processes of change, and reasons that people move through these stages, typically relapsing and revisiting earlier stages before success. This theory is said to offer an integrative perspective on the structure of intentional change [p. 1102] the perceived advantages and disadvantages of behaviour are crucial to behaviour change. Lakhan, 2006